Head and neck cancer refers to cancers that develop in different areas of the head and neck, including the oral cavity, throat, pharynx, larynx and nearby structures. The exact type of cancer and its location help determine the appropriate diagnostic and treatment approach.

Common symptoms can include a persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, changes in voice or hoarseness, a lump or swelling in the neck, persistent cough, ear pain, non-healing mouth sores and red or white patches in the mouth. Persistent symptoms should be medically evaluated.

Several factors may contribute to head and neck cancer. Tobacco use is an important risk factor. Other factors include HPV infection, poor oral hygiene, nutritional deficiencies, generalised debility and chronic acid reflux. Risk varies according to the specific type of cancer.

Yes. Smoking and smokeless tobacco products such as chewing tobacco, gutkha, khaini and pan masala are important risk factors for several cancers involving the oral cavity and upper digestive and respiratory regions.

HPV is an established cause of certain oropharyngeal cancers, particularly cancers involving the tonsillar region. The role of HPV varies among different head and neck cancers.

Diagnosis may involve a physical examination, endoscopy, biopsy and imaging investigations. CT scans, MRI, PET scans and X-rays may be used when clinically appropriate to evaluate the affected region and understand the extent of disease.

Surgery is an important treatment option for selected head and neck cancers. It may involve removing the tumour and an appropriate margin of surrounding tissue. The role and extent of surgery depend on the cancer type, location and stage.

Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Some patients may require a combination of treatments. The treatment plan is determined according to the cancer type, location, stage and individual patient factors.

Persistent or unexplained symptoms such as a neck lump, non-healing mouth sore, difficulty swallowing, persistent hoarseness, unexplained weight loss or persistent throat symptoms should be evaluated by a medical professional. A specialist assessment may be recommended when cancer is suspected or diagnosed.

Selected head and neck cancer procedures may be performed using minimally invasive or robotic techniques when clinically appropriate. These approaches are not suitable for every cancer, and the decision depends on the tumour's location, stage, anatomy and other patient-specific factors.

Treatment outcomes vary according to the type, location and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and response to treatment. Early diagnosis can help the medical team identify appropriate treatment options and plan care promptly.

Avoiding tobacco, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, maintaining good oral hygiene and seeking timely medical evaluation for persistent symptoms can help reduce risk and support early detection. Individual risk factors should be discussed with a healthcare professional.